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exchange standard - перевод на немецкий
![[[William McKinley]] ran for president on the basis of the gold standard.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/McKinley Prosperity.jpg?width=200 "[[William McKinley]] ran for president on the basis of the gold standard.")
![dollars]], was steady until the collapse of the [[Bretton Woods system]] in the mid-1970s.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Price of gold.webp?width=200 "dollars]], was steady until the collapse of the [[Bretton Woods system]] in the mid-1970s.")
![[[Gold certificate]]s were used as [[paper currency]] in the [[United States]] from 1882 to 1933. These certificates were freely convertible into [[gold coin]]s.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Us-gold-certificate-1922.jpg?width=200 "[[Gold certificate]]s were used as [[paper currency]] in the [[United States]] from 1882 to 1933. These certificates were freely convertible into [[gold coin]]s.")
![Enthusiastic welcome offered to the first Indian student to arrive in [[Dresden]], [[East Germany]] (1951)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bundesarchiv Bild 183-09709-0002, Dresden, Ankunft eines indischen Gaststudenten.jpg?width=200 "Enthusiastic welcome offered to the first Indian student to arrive in [[Dresden]], [[East Germany]] (1951)")
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![USD]] exchange rate](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/EUR-USD exchange rate.webp?width=200 "USD]] exchange rate")
Википедия
A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the early 1920s, and from the late 1920s to 1932 as well as from 1944 until 1971 when the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the US dollar to gold, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. Many states nonetheless hold substantial gold reserves.
Historically, the silver standard and bimetallism have been more common than the gold standard. The shift to an international monetary system based on a gold standard reflected accident, network externalities, and path dependence. Great Britain accidentally adopted a de facto gold standard in 1717 when Sir Isaac Newton, then-master of the Royal Mint, set the exchange rate of silver to gold too low, thus causing silver coins to go out of circulation. As Great Britain became the world's leading financial and commercial power in the 19th century, other states increasingly adopted Britain's monetary system.
The gold standard was largely abandoned during the Great Depression before being re-instated in a limited form as part of the post-World War II Bretton Woods system. The gold standard was abandoned due to its propensity for volatility, as well as the constraints it imposed on governments: by retaining a fixed exchange rate, governments were hamstrung in engaging in expansionary policies to, for example, reduce unemployment during economic recessions.
According to a survey of 39 economists, the majority (93 percent) agreed that a return to the gold standard would not improve price-stability and employment outcomes, and two-thirds of economic historians reject the idea that the gold standard "was effective in stabilizing prices and moderating business-cycle fluctuations during the nineteenth century." Nonetheless, according to economist Michael D. Bordo, the gold standard has three benefits: "its record as a stable nominal anchor; its automaticity; and its role as a credible commitment mechanism."
